I is short for instar. When an arthropod is first born, it's "first instar," or 1I. Each time it molts it gains an instar.
Birth < 1I < first molt < 2I < second molt < 3I etc.
This systems is more often used for arthropods that have a set number of instars before maturity, such as Lepidoptera larvae or scorpions. For arthropods that don't have a set number, such as spiders, this system is not used as much.
Some countries use L1, L2, etc. for "larval 1, larval 2 . . ."